Tuesday, March 10, 2009
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
Note Cards
Note Cards
Gunter, Barrie, and Jill McAleer. Children & Television. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1989. 1-209. 24 Feb. 2009 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yTbU9hEea4IC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Tv+and+Kids&ots=gqRKEyXiiF&sig=9l_KTvTf-1xs-dwToHvj1tw_uGs#PPT1,M1.
1. “Concerns about violence on television in the United States in the 1990s have placed such political pressures upon broadcasters that in early 1996, the leading American television networks and cable companies agreed to adopt a voluntary ratings system to warn viewers about levels of violence in programmes.” (pg viii)
o This information tells the reader a little bit about the rating system and this helps with the theory that even the government has tried to make it better so that little children are not watching things that they shouldn’t on the tv.
2. “For chidren who have few friends. TV people may provide substitutes with whom they can engage in what researchers have termed ‘parasocial’ relationship. In other words, although they cannot really be friends with heir TV favourites, they can pretend that they are.” (pg 23)
o This is saying that more and more kids are relaying on TV to be a friend instead of a young age learning how to go out and make new friends and learn that there is a world outside of
3. “Of the programmes analyzed, 37 per cent were found to contain violence. A total of 21,170 violent acts were coded over the four weeks’ output, of which 71 percent occurred on the four satellite channels. Each violence containing programme contained around ten violent acts and five violent sequences. This violence occupied over fifty-one hours or 1.07 percent of programme running time.” (pg99)
o If there is more statistics then there is more proof that my topic and the truth behind my thesis.
4. “In Britain today, 98 percent of all homes possess at least one television set, the majority of them (particularly those with children) more then one, yet in the early 1950s only a handful of people had the desire or the means to purchase a set” (pg xi)
o That means there is a lot of people with television sets in there homes now then there were way back years ago
5. “Children tend to perceive more violence in the same set of television programmes than their mothers do. Furthermore, mothers apparently underreport their children’s fright reactions to scary television programmes and movies and also the extent to which they intervene to control what their children watch or to explain programmes to their youngsters.” (pg 189)
o Children that watch scarier television shows with more violence tend tend to act differently then children that do not watch scarier shows that have a violent influence
Singer, Dorothy G., and Jerome L. Singer. Handbook Of Children and the Media. London: SAGE Publications, 1955. 1-745. 24 Feb. 2009 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=moifZwJHunsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Tv+and+Kids&ots=wgd1cBogjN&sig=IeFV3wliSLR4wbvGcNQ92XI5-jg#PPA745,M1.
6. “Over a period of three Saturdays, Heeter (1988) surveyed 153 households with cable, 40 of which had children under 18. The share of viewing time to different types of children watched more network programming(61% of viewing time on average) compared with the other households (36%)”
o With more surveys I will be able to prove that there is more evidence that television can be more harmful to children when it is uncensored.
Browne, Kevin D., and Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis. "The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach." The Lancet 19 Feb. 2005: 702+ . Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=2&edition=&ts=3F295D67F2293A11A3472C749009BF72_1235566468310&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3
7. “The definition of violence most relevant to visual media is "the exercise of physical force so as to injure or damage persons or property; otherwise to treat or use persons or property in a way that causes bodily injury and/or forcibly interferes with personal freedom"
o This is the definition of violence to give a better understanding of the actual meaning of what I am trying to prove.
8. “Overall, boys were more susceptible to violence than girls, with young children (aged 0-5 years) showing the highest effects (d=1.02), followed by older children (aged 6-11 years) (d=0.65) and adolescents (aged 12-17 years) (d=0.46). Cartoons and fantasy had the most effect of violence-only programmes, but violence with erotica had an even stronger effect.”
o This is an actual case study that was taken from a medical journal and shows the effects of violence on certain genders and certain ages.
Liverpool, Joan, and Melissa McGhee. "Media influences on children and adolescents: Violence and sex;." Journal of the National Medical Association 1 Sep. 2002: 797+ . 25 Feb. 2009 .
9. “Media violence on American television is uniquely accessible and pervasive. Violence on television is frequent, usually inconsequential, and often rewarded. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that by 18 years of age, the average child will have witnessed nearly 100,000 acts of violence on television.16 If only 10% of these acts were to be considered highly violent, the average child would be exposed to 555 highly violent acts per year or about 1.5 per day. Violence occurs in prime-time television at a rate of 8-12 acts per episode with children's cartoons being some of the most violent. Such constant exposure to portrayals of physical violence, some of which viewers do not even recognize as violent, may dull a child's aversion to this behavior.”
o The rates of how much television children watch per year is important because then it helps to show the rate at which violence is view for children at a certain age.
10. “Media violence rarely illustrates the negative psychological or physical ramifications experienced by the victims and their families, and if presented, only brief vignettes of acute grief often are shown.”
o This is a disadvantage of media and violence because it tells what media doesn’t always show when it comes to television and media
11. “Although there are additional causes of violent behavior other than television, television viewing adds to factors that may already be present. Television serves as a supplement to further ingrain the use of violence as an acceptable form of conflict resolution.”
o TV can be not the only cause of violence in the world but it can also be the adding factor to the violence in the world by giving others ideas of violent acts that can be done.
Strasburger, Victor C. "Children, Adolescents, and Television." Statistical Information. 25 Feb. 2009 http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/4/144.
12. “By the time today's children reach age 70, they will have spent a total of 7 y of their lives watching television. During an average year, an American youngster will be exposed to: More than 14 000 sexual references, innuendos, and jokes—yet less than 175 will deal with birth control, self-control, abstinence, or sexually transmitted disease; Between 1000 and 2000 beer and wine commercials; More than 1000 murders, rapes, assaults, and armed robberies, and Nearly 20 000 commercials.”
o These are all of the things that we will be exposed to by the time that we are 70. Just think that if time was spent doing something else how much would really be accomplished rather then just have seen these things on TV which more then likely will not be used in real life.
Springen, Karen. "This Is Your Brain on Violence - Violent Videogames Change Teen Brains." Newsweek 28 Nov. 2006. Infotrac. 25 Feb. 200913. “In the study, released Tuesday at the at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, researchers found that teenagers who played a violent video game exhibited increased activity in a part of the brain that governs emotional arousal.”
o With watching certain games or TV the brain can begin to feel certain feelings and then that means that the mind can make the case study feel a certain way other then the right way
"A warning for parents." USA Today 4 Dec. 2008, final ed.: A10. Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 .
14. “More than 170 studies going back over 28 years have concluded that heavy media exposure -- everything from TV to cell phones to computer games -- increases the risk of adolescent obesity, smoking, sex, drug and alcohol use, attention problems and poor grades, according to a report released this week by Common Sense Media (CSM), a non-profit child advocacy group.”
o There have been so many studies that have been done over the years in which studies show that media exposure increase certain risks
15. “But it can't be healthy when the average child spends nearly 45 hours a week with TV, cell phones, video games, movies and more -- almost three times the amount of time they spend with parents -- particularly if much of the content is violent or highly sexualized.”
o It is not healthy for children to sit in a house all day long and only play video games and watch TV. Young children should be outside playing with children their own age that can help them grow and mature
Guernsey, Lisa. "Limiting, and Watching, What Children Watch." The New York Times 15 Sep. 2008, late edition ed.: H4. Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=5&edition=&ts=E0BF466DCE713ECAAD37AF3A54E8ECFF_1235570170850&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3.
16. “Remember that TV has a lot of public health implications as we get older," said Donald L. Shifrin, a pediatrician and spokesman for the media committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. His concerns include weight gain, smoking, aggression and risky sexual behaviors that may follow from children seeing years of the media glorifying junk food, cigarettes, violence or teenage sex.”
o Even doctors are showing concern of the fact of what media can do to children as the grow and the more that they watch
17. “Yes, say experts on children and the media, as long as parents teach children to make good choices. Instead of talking only about time limits -- the pediatricians' academy recommends limiting screen time to one to two hours a day -- researchers are zeroing in on trouble spots and taking content into account”
o Parents should be taking better steps to watch what their children are watching on TV.
18. “New guidelines are taking shape: Keep the television and computer out of the child's bedroom, don't be afraid to set limits, pay attention to what appears on screen and how different ages respond to it, and encourage children to think critically about what they see.”
o These are guidelines that pediatricians think that parents should do to limit the amount of time children spend with different types of media a day and to the extent that they use the media each day.
Shute, Nancy. "Television and Adolescent Depression." US News and World Report 3 Feb. 2009. Infotrac. 25 Feb. 2009
19. “It could be that one reason the depression risk goes up with TV dosage is that it keeps kids away from activities known to reduce the risk of depression , such as time with friends and family, sports, and exercise”
o Children need to interact at a younger age with other so that they are able to push themselves into situations that make them interact with others rather than just a television screen
20. “Games are not bad in and of themselves, but you should watch for signs that video gaming is becoming an unhealthy addiction. Research also has linked increased screen time to obesity — but parents can work to keep their own kids from getting too fat”
o This is something that parents can do to prevent their children from becoming a certain way
Gunter, Barrie, and Jill McAleer. Children & Television. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1989. 1-209. 24 Feb. 2009 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yTbU9hEea4IC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Tv+and+Kids&ots=gqRKEyXiiF&sig=9l_KTvTf-1xs-dwToHvj1tw_uGs#PPT1,M1.
1. “Concerns about violence on television in the United States in the 1990s have placed such political pressures upon broadcasters that in early 1996, the leading American television networks and cable companies agreed to adopt a voluntary ratings system to warn viewers about levels of violence in programmes.” (pg viii)
o This information tells the reader a little bit about the rating system and this helps with the theory that even the government has tried to make it better so that little children are not watching things that they shouldn’t on the tv.
2. “For chidren who have few friends. TV people may provide substitutes with whom they can engage in what researchers have termed ‘parasocial’ relationship. In other words, although they cannot really be friends with heir TV favourites, they can pretend that they are.” (pg 23)
o This is saying that more and more kids are relaying on TV to be a friend instead of a young age learning how to go out and make new friends and learn that there is a world outside of
3. “Of the programmes analyzed, 37 per cent were found to contain violence. A total of 21,170 violent acts were coded over the four weeks’ output, of which 71 percent occurred on the four satellite channels. Each violence containing programme contained around ten violent acts and five violent sequences. This violence occupied over fifty-one hours or 1.07 percent of programme running time.” (pg99)
o If there is more statistics then there is more proof that my topic and the truth behind my thesis.
4. “In Britain today, 98 percent of all homes possess at least one television set, the majority of them (particularly those with children) more then one, yet in the early 1950s only a handful of people had the desire or the means to purchase a set” (pg xi)
o That means there is a lot of people with television sets in there homes now then there were way back years ago
5. “Children tend to perceive more violence in the same set of television programmes than their mothers do. Furthermore, mothers apparently underreport their children’s fright reactions to scary television programmes and movies and also the extent to which they intervene to control what their children watch or to explain programmes to their youngsters.” (pg 189)
o Children that watch scarier television shows with more violence tend tend to act differently then children that do not watch scarier shows that have a violent influence
Singer, Dorothy G., and Jerome L. Singer. Handbook Of Children and the Media. London: SAGE Publications, 1955. 1-745. 24 Feb. 2009 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=moifZwJHunsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Tv+and+Kids&ots=wgd1cBogjN&sig=IeFV3wliSLR4wbvGcNQ92XI5-jg#PPA745,M1.
6. “Over a period of three Saturdays, Heeter (1988) surveyed 153 households with cable, 40 of which had children under 18. The share of viewing time to different types of children watched more network programming(61% of viewing time on average) compared with the other households (36%)”
o With more surveys I will be able to prove that there is more evidence that television can be more harmful to children when it is uncensored.
Browne, Kevin D., and Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis. "The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach." The Lancet 19 Feb. 2005: 702+ . Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=2&edition=&ts=3F295D67F2293A11A3472C749009BF72_1235566468310&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3
7. “The definition of violence most relevant to visual media is "the exercise of physical force so as to injure or damage persons or property; otherwise to treat or use persons or property in a way that causes bodily injury and/or forcibly interferes with personal freedom"
o This is the definition of violence to give a better understanding of the actual meaning of what I am trying to prove.
8. “Overall, boys were more susceptible to violence than girls, with young children (aged 0-5 years) showing the highest effects (d=1.02), followed by older children (aged 6-11 years) (d=0.65) and adolescents (aged 12-17 years) (d=0.46). Cartoons and fantasy had the most effect of violence-only programmes, but violence with erotica had an even stronger effect.”
o This is an actual case study that was taken from a medical journal and shows the effects of violence on certain genders and certain ages.
Liverpool, Joan, and Melissa McGhee. "Media influences on children and adolescents: Violence and sex;." Journal of the National Medical Association 1 Sep. 2002: 797+ . 25 Feb. 2009 .
9. “Media violence on American television is uniquely accessible and pervasive. Violence on television is frequent, usually inconsequential, and often rewarded. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that by 18 years of age, the average child will have witnessed nearly 100,000 acts of violence on television.16 If only 10% of these acts were to be considered highly violent, the average child would be exposed to 555 highly violent acts per year or about 1.5 per day. Violence occurs in prime-time television at a rate of 8-12 acts per episode with children's cartoons being some of the most violent. Such constant exposure to portrayals of physical violence, some of which viewers do not even recognize as violent, may dull a child's aversion to this behavior.”
o The rates of how much television children watch per year is important because then it helps to show the rate at which violence is view for children at a certain age.
10. “Media violence rarely illustrates the negative psychological or physical ramifications experienced by the victims and their families, and if presented, only brief vignettes of acute grief often are shown.”
o This is a disadvantage of media and violence because it tells what media doesn’t always show when it comes to television and media
11. “Although there are additional causes of violent behavior other than television, television viewing adds to factors that may already be present. Television serves as a supplement to further ingrain the use of violence as an acceptable form of conflict resolution.”
o TV can be not the only cause of violence in the world but it can also be the adding factor to the violence in the world by giving others ideas of violent acts that can be done.
Strasburger, Victor C. "Children, Adolescents, and Television." Statistical Information. 25 Feb. 2009 http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/4/144.
12. “By the time today's children reach age 70, they will have spent a total of 7 y of their lives watching television. During an average year, an American youngster will be exposed to: More than 14 000 sexual references, innuendos, and jokes—yet less than 175 will deal with birth control, self-control, abstinence, or sexually transmitted disease; Between 1000 and 2000 beer and wine commercials; More than 1000 murders, rapes, assaults, and armed robberies, and Nearly 20 000 commercials.”
o These are all of the things that we will be exposed to by the time that we are 70. Just think that if time was spent doing something else how much would really be accomplished rather then just have seen these things on TV which more then likely will not be used in real life.
Springen, Karen. "This Is Your Brain on Violence - Violent Videogames Change Teen Brains." Newsweek 28 Nov. 2006. Infotrac. 25 Feb. 200913. “In the study, released Tuesday at the at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, researchers found that teenagers who played a violent video game exhibited increased activity in a part of the brain that governs emotional arousal.”
o With watching certain games or TV the brain can begin to feel certain feelings and then that means that the mind can make the case study feel a certain way other then the right way
"A warning for parents." USA Today 4 Dec. 2008, final ed.: A10. Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 .
14. “More than 170 studies going back over 28 years have concluded that heavy media exposure -- everything from TV to cell phones to computer games -- increases the risk of adolescent obesity, smoking, sex, drug and alcohol use, attention problems and poor grades, according to a report released this week by Common Sense Media (CSM), a non-profit child advocacy group.”
o There have been so many studies that have been done over the years in which studies show that media exposure increase certain risks
15. “But it can't be healthy when the average child spends nearly 45 hours a week with TV, cell phones, video games, movies and more -- almost three times the amount of time they spend with parents -- particularly if much of the content is violent or highly sexualized.”
o It is not healthy for children to sit in a house all day long and only play video games and watch TV. Young children should be outside playing with children their own age that can help them grow and mature
Guernsey, Lisa. "Limiting, and Watching, What Children Watch." The New York Times 15 Sep. 2008, late edition ed.: H4. Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=5&edition=&ts=E0BF466DCE713ECAAD37AF3A54E8ECFF_1235570170850&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3.
16. “Remember that TV has a lot of public health implications as we get older," said Donald L. Shifrin, a pediatrician and spokesman for the media committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. His concerns include weight gain, smoking, aggression and risky sexual behaviors that may follow from children seeing years of the media glorifying junk food, cigarettes, violence or teenage sex.”
o Even doctors are showing concern of the fact of what media can do to children as the grow and the more that they watch
17. “Yes, say experts on children and the media, as long as parents teach children to make good choices. Instead of talking only about time limits -- the pediatricians' academy recommends limiting screen time to one to two hours a day -- researchers are zeroing in on trouble spots and taking content into account”
o Parents should be taking better steps to watch what their children are watching on TV.
18. “New guidelines are taking shape: Keep the television and computer out of the child's bedroom, don't be afraid to set limits, pay attention to what appears on screen and how different ages respond to it, and encourage children to think critically about what they see.”
o These are guidelines that pediatricians think that parents should do to limit the amount of time children spend with different types of media a day and to the extent that they use the media each day.
Shute, Nancy. "Television and Adolescent Depression." US News and World Report 3 Feb. 2009. Infotrac. 25 Feb. 2009
19. “It could be that one reason the depression risk goes up with TV dosage is that it keeps kids away from activities known to reduce the risk of depression , such as time with friends and family, sports, and exercise”
o Children need to interact at a younger age with other so that they are able to push themselves into situations that make them interact with others rather than just a television screen
20. “Games are not bad in and of themselves, but you should watch for signs that video gaming is becoming an unhealthy addiction. Research also has linked increased screen time to obesity — but parents can work to keep their own kids from getting too fat”
o This is something that parents can do to prevent their children from becoming a certain way
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
Bibliography
- Gunter, Barrie, and Jill McAleer. Children & Television. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1989. 1-209. 24 Feb. 2009
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yTbU9hEea4IC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Tv+and+Kids&ots=gqRKEyXiiF&sig=9l_KTvTf-1xs-dwToHvj1tw_uGs#PPT1,M1.
- Singer, Dorothy G., and Jerome L. Singer. Handbook Of Children and the Media. London: SAGE Publications, 1955. 1-745. 24 Feb. 2009 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=moifZwJHunsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Tv+and+Kids&ots=wgd1cBogjN&sig=IeFV3wliSLR4wbvGcNQ92XI5-jg#PPA745,M1.
- Liverpool, Joan, and Melissa McGhee. "Media influences on children and adolescents: Violence and sex;." Journal of the National Medical Association 1 Sep. 2002: 797+ . 25 Feb. 2009
- Browne, Kevin D., and Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis. "The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach." The Lancet 19 Feb. 2005: 702+ . Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=2&edition=&ts=3F295D67F2293A11A3472C749009BF72_1235566468310&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3
- Werner-Wilson, Ronald J., Jennifer L. Fitzharris, and Kathleen M. Morrissey. "ADOLESCENT AND PARENT PERCEPTIONS OF MEDIA INFLUENCE ON ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY." Adolescence 1 July 2004: 303+ . Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009
- Strasburger, Victor C. "Children, Adolescents, and Television." Statistical Information. 25 Feb. 2009 http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/4/144.
- Shute, Nancy. "Television and Adolescent Depression." US News and World Report 3 Feb. 2009. Infotrac. 25 Feb. 2009
- Springen, Karen. "This Is Your Brain on Violence - Violent Videogames Change Teen Brains." Newsweek 28 Nov. 2006. Infotrac. 25 Feb. 2009
- Guernsey, Lisa. "Limiting, and Watching, What Children Watch." The New York Times 15 Sep. 2008, late edition ed.: H4. Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009 http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=5&edition=&ts=E0BF466DCE713ECAAD37AF3A54E8ECFF_1235570170850&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3.
- "A warning for parents." USA Today 4 Dec. 2008, final ed.: A10. Elibrary. 25 Feb. 2009
Monday, February 9, 2009
Topic and Thesis
The Topic that I have decided to do for my research paper is "Can media be harmful to children when they are uncensored?" I also came up with my thesis sentence which is going to be "Through analysis and research it can be shown that media can negatively affect children when not censored properly."
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